Barriers to Advancement

Report Resources

Term	Main definition
[01]	Women Lawyers of Utah (WLU). (2010). “The Utah Report: The Initiative on the Advancement and Retention of Women in Law Firms”. Salt Lake City, UT: Women Lawyers of Utah.
[02]	American Bar Association (ABA). (2018). “You Can’t Change What You Can’t See: Interrupting Racial & Gender Bias in the Legal Profession.” Washington, DC: American Bar Association and Minority Corporate Counsel Association.
[03]	Due to their underrepresentation in Utah’s legal profession, women of color represented a small proportion of survey respondents (12%). While we present findings based on their responses, we caution against reaching conclusions based on the paucity of respondents. To address this gap, and the small number of LGBTQ+ respondents (who comprise 8% of survey respondents), we include a section of the report “Voices from the Margins” that reviews findings from interviews with women of color and LGBTQ+ lawyers.
[04]	Williams & Dempsey 2014.
[05]	Glass & Cook 2019.
[06]	Williams & Dempsey 2014.
[07]	Rosette & Livingston 2012.
[08]	Williams, Blair-Loy & Berdahl 2013.
[09]	Damaske 2011; Dow 2016; Florian 2018.
[10]	Heilman, Manzi & Braun 2015.
[11]	Schultz 2018.
[12]	Nationally, women and people of color are underrepresented in partnership ranks even relative to their representation at lower levels. While law schools have been relatively successful at recruiting women and people of color, their representation declines at each stage of the legal career post-graduation (Gorman 2005: 2006; Gorman & Kmec 2010; Kay & Gorman 2012).
[13]	The EEOC estimates that as many as 85% of women experience harassment at some point in their careers (EEOC 2016).
[14]	The ‘Pence Rule’ is named after Vice President Mike Pence who gave an interview in 2002 in which he revealed a personal and professional policy of never eating along with a woman other than his wife. This phenomenon is also referred to as the “Graham Rule” after Evangelical Billy Graham encouraged men to avoid eating, traveling or meeting alone with women other than their wives (see French 2017 for an articulation of this practice).
[15]	Crenshaw 1991.